Unraveling India's oil subsidies

India Together carried this piece with the title 'Oil subsidy is all gas'. It is reproduced below with pointers to sources for all the data used and references to claims made.

The government periodically puts out data on the quantum of ‘under-recoveries’ by the public sector refiners and distributors of petroleum products – Indian Oil (IOCL), Bharat Petroleum (BPCL) and Hindustan Petroleum (HPCL) – on the sale of diesel, kerosene, and LPG. The exercise is calculated to prepare public opinion to accept higher prices. Mainstream media often uncritically reports the ‘under-recoveries’ as the 'loss' (see this ET report, for example) suffered by these oil marketing companies (OMC) or as the ‘subsidy’ that must be provided by the government to make up the loss. Such an interpretation, though natural, turns out to be quite off the mark.

'Under-recovery' is not the loss


The government measures ‘under-recovery’ as the loss an OMC would make if it imported a petroleum product, say diesel, from the international market and after paying ocean freight, import charges and customs duty and incurring inland transport and marketing costs, sold the product to a dealer at the government specified price. (Government note explaining under-recovery calculation)

It is a notional loss, for it is unrelated to the actual process by which oil companies make diesel available in the Indian market - by refining imported and domestic crude in Indian refineries. It is also an exaggerated loss.( The use of the 'under-recovery' concept to determine petroleum prices has been challenged recently in the Kerala High Court)

Price differentials in the international market between a refined product and crude oil reflect the product specific demand-supply equation rather than the inherent cost of producing the product. Shortage of refining capacity for a particular product – real or artificially created – pushes the differential up.

International price differentials over crude ($/bbl)
	2010-11	2009-10
Petrol	7-8	7-9
Diesel	14-15	7-9
Jet-kero	14-15	8-9

The table above (compiled by taking Singapore & Europe prices as listed in Page 21 of the Reliance annual report for 2010-11) shows the price differentials for petroleum products between 2009-10 and 2010-11. In 2009-10, petrol, diesel, and jet-kero (used to benchmark kerosene in India) all carried similar price differentials. The next year saw a near doubling of the differentials for diesel and jet-kero reflecting the pressure on the refining capacity for these products.

[This differential has gone up even further this year. For the 2nd fortnight of Nov 2011, the average price of India's crude oil basket was $108.80/bbl. During this period, the reference price of Diesel was $130.24/bbl and that of Jet-kero $127.63. (All data from the Petroleum Pricing and Analysis Cell (PPAC) of the the petroleum ministry.) The price differentials for Diesel and Jet-kero were greater than $21 and $19 respectively. Why have the 'diesel cracks been strong' (in the language of the refiners) ? Demand staying over refining capacity in China is cited as a reason.]

India has adequate refining capacity to meet the demand on each product. In any case, there is no reason why Indian public sector refineries should be making higher margins on diesel (or kerosene) because of the shortage of refining capacity in China. In linking the cost of diesel or kerosene in the Indian market to the international price, the government’s ‘under-recovery’ calculation assumes a fat refining margin for these products. ‘Under-recoveries’ do not represent losses, just as the assumed refining margins do not represent costs.  

If ‘under-recovery’ is not the loss of the OMC’s, how much are they actually loosing and what is the extent of the ‘subsidy’ that the government has to extend to them? A look at last years (2010-11) consolidated results of the three companies provides some surprises. All three showed profits, paid income tax, and declared dividends. Government provided support to these companies under two heads – a fixed amount for each liter of Kerosene and cylinder of LPG sold, and a discretionary grant announced quarterly. The aggregate amount is presented in the table (Data is from the published financial results of the companies) as subsidy.

Excise and Subsidy 2010-11 (Rs crores)
	IOC	BPCL	HPCL	Total
Excise	30861	12394	9743	52998
Subsidy	24282	10048	9727	44056

Each of the three oil companies paid more excise to the government than it received as subsidy. In effect, the government returned a portion of the taxes it collected on petroleum products from the OMC’s. ‘Subsidy’ considered in this light, appears to be a tax concession by another name, not very different from the ‘fiscal stimulus’ the government extends to an industrial sector when it is in trouble.

The OMC’s showed a large loss in the first half of 2011-12 and this tells its own story. We will return to this a little later.

Who benefits from Indian crude?

Leaving refining costs and taxes aside, the price of petroleum products is determined by the price of crude oil. Government’s economists would have us believe that this is completely outside its control.

The fact is that a significant quantity of crude oil is produced in India, sufficient to meet one third of the crude oil requirements of the public sector oil refiners for products for the Indian market. The public sector producers – ONGC, GAIL, and Oil India – account for nearly 75% of this oil, while the rest comes from Reliance, Cairn and other private producers. (Monthly production statistics put out by the Petroleum ministry) The locally produced crude could be priced to moderate petroleum product prices for the Indian consumer. Alternatively, revenues derived from local production could be used for this purpose. The government’s economic philosophy however dictates otherwise.   

Private oil producers get rights to oil fields after signing production-sharing contracts with the government. These contracts mandate selling oil to Indian refiners at no less than the prevailing international prices. The contracts are structured such that government’s share of production will increase if the producers get a higher price for the oil. While providing the government with another source of revenue, these contracts, by locking Indian oil produce to international prices, ensure that the Indian public does not enjoy the benefits of local production.

The government treats the public sector oil producers somewhat differently, based on historical imperatives. They must sell their oil at a ‘discount’ to international prices to the public sector refiners. The ‘discount’, however, is not tied to the rise in international prices or the windfall profits made when this happens; it is fixed every quarter, at the government’s discretion.

The 2011-12 first half results of the OMC’s provide insights into how the government uses its discretion on ‘subsidies’ and ‘discounts’.

The oil companies together showed second quarter (Q2) losses of about 14000 crores, on the backs of first quarter (Q1) losses of about 9000 crores (Data from the quarterly published results). The government delayed announcing the Q2 ‘subsidy’, which, had it been timely, would have allowed the OMC’s to show a small profit for the quarter instead of a large loss. The Q1 ‘subsidy’ announcement was not followed up with cash, forcing the OMC’s to borrow from banks and pay high interest to finance crude oil imports. The public sector oil producers provided sharply lower ‘discounts’ to the OMC’s on crude oil price in Q2 compared to Q1 and showed sharply higher profits. One is left with the strong suspicion that these moves were orchestrated to make a strong case for increasing retail petroleum prices as well as to make government’s planned disinvestment in ONGC and OIL more attractive.

Taxing the aam admi

The central government has several revenue streams from petroleum products collected at different stages of processing.  At the crude oil stage, it collects royalty, a share of the production (from private producers), and excise on oil produced and customs duty on the oil imported. At the refining stage, it collects excise on the refined products such as diesel and petrol. Oil producers, refiners and marketers also contribute to the central exchequer by way of taxes on their profits, dividends and tax on the dividends. State governments collect royalty on crude oil and sales tax on petroleum products. Sales tax rates range from 18% - 25% on diesel and 19% - 33% on petrol with a few exceptions.

Last year, the central government’s income from the public sector oil and gas producers, refiners and marketers alone was in excess of Rs 100,000 crores, eclipsing the ‘subsidy’ it provided. State governments were not far behind, collecting over Rs 80,000 crores. (Estimates are based on figures for ONGC, MRPL, OIL, IOC, HPCL, NRL, and BPCL obtained from their annual reports)


Taxes on petroleum products add to the cost of all goods and services and reflect in their prices. Far from subsidizing the public, governments raised a substantial part of their revenue from the aam admi by taxing petroleum.